copper
Table of Contents
Copper
Stan Zurek,Copper, Encyclopedia Magnetica, https://e-magnetica.pl/doku.php/copper |
Copper - metallic chemical element Cu exhibiting diamagnetism at room temperature and high electrical conductivity, second only to silver (apart from superconductors).1)2)
Owing to its low electrical resistivity, copper is widely used in industry in the form of conductors (busbars) and wires (winding wire).
Physical properties of copper
There are many excellent sources in literature which specify properties of pure copper (with various level of purity), industrial copper wire (winding wire, or “magnet” wire), as well as copper alloys.3)4)5)6) The table below collects some frequently used technical data for pure copper (chemical element) as well as industrially used copper (e.g. for winding wires).
Copper, Cu | ![]() |
---|---|
Magnetic properties | |
Type of magnetism 7) | diamagnetic |
Magnetic susceptibility (volume) | χvol,SI = –9.7 × 10–6 χvol,CGS = -7.7 × 10–7 |
Magnetic susceptibility (mass) | χmass,SI = –1.081 × 10–9 m3/kg 8)9) χmass,CGS = −0.086 × 10–6 emu/(g·Oe) 10) |
Magnetic susceptibility (molar) 11) | χmol,SI = –5.46 × 10–12 m3/mol |
Relative magnetic permeability | 0.999 990 |
Hall coefficient 12) | -5.12 × 10-11 m3/C |
Electric properties | |
Electrical resistivity (at 20 °C) | 16.78 × 10-9 Ω·m (Cu pure)13) 17.24 × 10-9 Ω·m (Cu wire)14) |
Electrical conductivity (at 20 °C) | 58.005 × 106 S/m (Cu wire) |
Thermal properties | |
Thermal coefficient of resistivity (at 20 °C)15) | 0.393 %/K 0.00393 1/K |
Specific heat capacity (mass heat capacity) 16) | 384 J/(kg·K) |
Volumetric heat capacity | 3.44 × 106 J/(m3·K) |
Molar heat capacity 17) | 24.440 J/(mol·K) |
Thermal conductivity 18) | 388 W/(m·K) at 293 K |
Melting temperature 19) | 1085 °C 1358 K |
Boiling temperature 20) | 2562 °C 2835 K |
Mechanical properties | |
Specific density | 8960 kg/m3 (Cu pure)21) 8890 kg/m3 (Cu wire)22) |
Coefficient of linear expansion | 16.5 × 10-6 (1/K) (Cu pure)23) 16.8 × 10-6 (1/K) (Cu wire)24) |
Chemical and physical properties | |
Molar density (molecular weight) 25) | 0.0636 kg/mol |
Molar volume (molecular weight) 26) | 7080 mm3 |
Electronegativity (Pauling) 27) | 1.90 |
Atomic properties | |
Atomic number 28) | 29 |
Atomic weight 29) | 63.546 |
Electron configuration 30) | [Ar] 3d10 4s1 |
Atomic radius 31) | van der Waals 0.196 nm covalent 0.122 nm |
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Resistivity vs. temperature
Resistivity of copper (electrolytic) vs. temperature | ||
---|---|---|
T (K) | ρ × 10-8 (Ω·m) | T (°C) |
1 | 0.002 | -272 |
10 | 0.00202 | -263 |
20 | 0.0028 | -253 |
40 | 0.0239 | -233 |
60 | 0.0971 | -213 |
80 | 0.215 | -193 |
100 | 0.348 | -173 |
150 | 0.699 | -123 |
200 | 1.046 | -73 |
273 | 1.543 | 0 |
293 | 1.678 | 20 |
298 | 1.712 | 25 |
300 | 1.725 | 27 |
400 | 2.402 | 127 |
500 | 3.09 | 227 |
600 | 3.792 | 327 |
700 | 4.514 | 427 |
800 | 5.262 | 527 |
900 | 6.041 | 627 |
973 | 6.7 | 1246 |
1356 | 21.3 | 1629 |
References: for 1-900 K32)(p.12-42), 973-1356 K33)(p.141) |
Thermal conductivity vs. temperature
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Periodic table
See also
References
1),
7),
12)
General, Atomic and Crystallographic Properties and Features of Copper, www.copper.org, {accessed 2023-12-03}
2),
8),
16),
21),
26),
27),
30),
33)
Per Enghag, Encyclopedia of the elements, Technical Data, History, Processing, Applications, Wiley-VcH, ISBN 3527306668
3),
9),
11),
13),
17),
18),
19),
20),
23),
28),
29),
31),
32),
34)
William M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, A Ready-Reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data, 97th edition (2016-2017), CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 9781498754293
5),
14),
15),
22),
24)
Magnet wire / winding wire, Engineering data handbook, Superior Essex, Rev. 1, 12/2009, {accessed 2023-12-21}
6),
10)
W. G. Henry & J. L. Rogers (1956) XXI. The magnetic susceptibilities of copper, silver and gold and errors in the Gouy method, The Philosophical Magazine: A Journal of Theoretical Experimental and Applied Physics, 1:3, 223-236, https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435608238097
35)
David Meeker, Finite Element Method Magnetics: Documentation, {accessed 2021-06-25}
copper.txt · Last modified: 2024/04/06 17:01 by stan_zurek