Magnetism of chemical elements
Stan Zurek, Magnetism of chemical elements, Encyclopedia Magnetica, https://e-magnetica.pl/doku.php/magnetism_of_chemical_elements |
Only three elements are ferromagnetic at room temperature: iron Fe, cobalt Co, and nickel Ni. Further six are ferromagnetic at lower and very temperatures: gadolinium Gd, terbium Tb, dysprosium Dy, holmium Ho, erbium Er, and thulium Tm.
The rest exhibit either diamagnetic or paramagnetic properties. Antiferromagnets such as chromium Cr are macroscopically indistinguishable from paramagnets.
Magnetic properties of alloys and chemical compounds strongly depends on the electronic and crystallographic configuration of a given material. Both metallic alloys and oxides are widely used for such engineering materials as electrical steels or soft ferrites as well as permanent magnets.
It is also possible to obtain ferromagnetic behaviour in compound materials which are not made from ferromagnetic elements. This is the case for example for some Heusler alloys.1)2)
S. Zurek, E-Magnetica.pl, CC-BY-4.0